Composição química, atividade biológica e segurança de uso da Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae
Main Article Content
Abstract
A Moringa oleifera Lam. é uma espécie de árvore rica em minerais e medicinalmente importante da família Moringaceae, possui uma ampla gama de aplicações, desde a culinária até sua utilização medicinal. A Moringa oleifera Lam. é rica em vários fitoconstituintes, como flavonoides, carotenoides, isotiocianatos, polifenóis, saponinas, alcaloides, glicosídeos cardiotônicos, carboidratos e glicosinolatos. Todas as partes de Moringa oleifera Lam., incluindo sementes, folhas, raízes, flores, caule e vagens têm valor medicinal tradicional. As sementes apresentam um valor especial do ponto de vista econômico, visto que uma vez amadurecidas rendem 38-40% de óleo vegetal incolor e inodoro. Além disso, o grande incentivo no desenvolvimento de processos dentro da química verde coloca esta planta em destaque, visto que sua utilização para tratar águas residuais tem se tornado cada vez mais popular e oferece uma ampla variedade de outros benefícios, como redução de custos, redução da geração de subprodutos e maior biodegradabilidade. Na presente revisão, foi colocada em perspectiva uma análise consolidada do papel da Moringa oleifera Lam., em relação ao seu valor nutricional, medicinal e comercial, juntamente com uma revisão atualizada sobre a análise fitoquímica e sua utilidade, bem como a segurança de uso da planta.
Article Details
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Statement - Policy Proposal for Open Access Journals
Authors who publish in the Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences (BJNS) agree to the following terms: 1 - Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License allowing sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal. 2 - Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. 3 - Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase the impact and citation of published work. This is an open access article under the CC-BY license
References
Rangel MSA. Moringa oleifera uma planta de uso múltiplo. Embrapa-CPATC (Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Tabuleiros Costeiros). Circular Técnica nº 9; 1999.
De Almeida MSM. Moringa oleifera Lam., seus benefícios medicinais, nutricionais e avaliação de toxicidade. Dissertação de Mestrado. [Ciências Farmacêuticas] - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, UC. Coimbra. Portugal. 2018. Disponível em: [https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/84557].
Gualberto AF, Ferrari GM, De Abreu KMP, Preto BL, Ferrari JL. Características, propriedades e potencialidades da moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Aspectos agroecológicos. Rev Verde Agroecol Desenv Sust. 2014; 9(5): 19-25. Disponível em: [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7389659].
Cavalcante JA, Lopes KP, Evangelista NA, Pinheiro RM, Sedrez FS. Morfologia de sementes e plântulas de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) Moringaceae. Magistra. 2017; 29(3/4): 290-297. ISSN 2236 – 4420. Disponível em: [https://magistraonline.ufrb.edu.br/index.php/magistra/article/view/608].
Liu Y, Wang X, Wei X, Gao Z, Han J. Values, properties and utility of different parts of Moringa oleifera: An overview. Chin Herbal Med. 2018; 10: 371-378. Available in: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S167463841830114X].
FAO: Tradicional Crop of the month – Moringa. Available in: [http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/moringa/en/]. [Access in: 21 abr. 2021].
Foidl N, Makkar HPS, Becker K. The potential of Moringa oleifera for agricultural and industrial uses. In: What development potential for Moringa products? October 20th - November 2nd 2001. Dar Es Salaam. Available in: [https://moringatrees.org/moringa-doc/the_potential_of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_uses.pdf].
Radovich T. Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera). Spec Crops Pacific Island Agrofor. 2007. [Access in: 21 abr. 2021]. Available in: [https://moringatrees.org/moringa-doc/production_and_marketing_moringa_farm_and_forestry.pdf].
Benitez JB. Biorrefinería de recursos lignocelulósicos no tradicionales: Moringa oleífera. 156 fs. 2019. Tese de Doutorado. [Químicas y Naturales] - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Posadas, Misiones, República Argentina. Argentina. 2019. Disponible en: [https://rid.unam.edu.ar/handle/20.500.12219/2369].
Villaseñor-Basulto DL, Astudillo-Sánchez PD, Real-Olvera J, Bandala ER. Wastewater treatment using Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds: a review. J Water Proc Engin. 2018; 23: 151-164. ISSN 2214-7144. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.03.017].
Boulaadjoul S, Zemmouri H, Bendjama Z, Drouiche N. A novel use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in enhancing the primary treatment of paper mill efluent. Chemosphere. 2018; 206: 142-149. ISSN 0045-6535. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.123] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29738903/].
Paixão RM, Reck IM, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R, Vieira MF, Vieira AMS. Water decontamination containing nitrate using biosorption with Moringa oleifera in dynamic mode. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25(22): 21544-21554. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2289-3] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29781059/].
Priya T, Tarafdar A, Gupta B, Mishra BK. Effect of bioflocculants on the coagulation activity of alum for removal of trihalomethane precursors from low turbid water. J Environ Sci. 2018; 70: 1-10. ISSN 1001-0742. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.019] [Croshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074217309038sRef].
Anwar FS, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple bio-chemical and medicinal uses, a review. Phytother Res. 2007; (21): 17-25. [Pubhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17089328/Med].
Vanajakshi V, Vijayendra SVN, Varadaraj MC, Venkateswaran G, Agrawal R. Optimization of a probiotic beverage based on Moringa leaves and beetroot. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2015; (63): 1268-1273. ISSN 0023-6438. [Croshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0023643815002911sRef].
Sanchez-Machado DI, Lopez-Cervantes J, Vázquez NJR. High-performance liquid chromatography method to measure α-and γ-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera. J Chromatogr A. 2006; 1105(1): 111-114. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.048] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967305015189].
Oladeji OS, Odelade KA, Oloke JK. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial investigation of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. African J Sci, Technol, Innov Develop. 2019: 12(1): 1-6. [https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2019.1589082] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20421338.2019.1589082?journalCode=rajs20].
Kaur N, Arora DS, Kalia N, Kaur M. Antibiofilm, antiproliferative, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus from Moringa oleifera. Mol Biol Rep. 2020; 47(4): 2901-2911. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05394-7] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32239464/].
Jimoh WA, Ayeloja AA, Badmus GO, Olateju KO. Antibacterial and antifungal effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera) seedmeal on marinated smoked African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J Food Saf. 2020; 40(3): e12772. [https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12772] [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfs.12772].
Atri N, Rai N, Singh AK, Verma M, Barik S, Gautam V et al. Screening for endophytic fungi with antibacterial efficiency from Moringa oleifera and Withania somnifera. J Sci Res. 2020; 64(1): 127-133. [http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2020.640118] [https://www.bhu.ac.in/research_pub/jsr/Volumes/JSR_64_01_2020/18.pdf].
Silva LLS, Silva SCC, De Oliveira APS, Nascimento JS, Silva EO, Coelho LCBB et al. Effects of a solid formulation containing lectin-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera seeds on egg hatching and development of Aedes aegypti larvae. Acta Trop. 2021; 214: 105789. ISSN 0001-706X. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105789] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001706X20317022].
Bicas TC. Efeitos do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de Syzygium malaccense e Moringa oleifera sob o estresse oxidativo em ratos diabéticos induzidos por estreptozotocina. 66p. Pato Branco. 2019. Dissertação de Mestrado [Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologia de Processos Químicos e Bioquímicos] – Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná. Pato Branco, PR. 2019. [https://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/4590].
Jain PG, Patil SD, Haswani NG, Girase MV, Surana SJ. Hypolipidemic activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae, on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in albino rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2010; 20(6): 969-973. [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2010005000038] [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/GYVhbDfRH38Z3RB4TxprnsD/?lang=en].
Suneetha T, Raju AJS. Foraging activity of carpenter bees in relation to floral biology of the drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringaceae). J Palynol. 2019; 55: 99-108. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335260397].
Sharma D. Moringa oleifera Lam.: the honey bee heaven plant in Jammu and Kashmir. Bee World. 2019; 96(4): 1-3. [https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2019.1638688] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0005772X.2019.1638688?journalCode=tbee20].
Chauhan MS, Farooqui A, Trivedi A. Plants foraged by bees for honey production in northern India: the diverse flora of India and its implications for apiculture. Acta Palaeobot. 2017; 57(1): 119-132. ISSN 0001-6594. [https://doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2017-0003] [http://archive.sciendo.com/ACPA/acpa.2017.57.issue-1/acpa-2017-0003/acpa-2017-0003.pdf].
Ramos LM, Costa RS, Môro FV, Silva RC. Morfologia de frutos e sementes e morfofunção de plântulas de Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Comum Sci. 2010; 1(2): 156-160. [https://www3.ufrb.edu.br/magistra/index.php/magistra/article/view/608].
Bonzanini DL, Nicolodi NM, Tramontini AS, Campos BC, Santos RF, Cruz SM. Avaliação de diferentes métodos de preparo de amostras e determinação de analitos em tecido vegetal de moringa. 7º Seminário de Iniciação Científica e Tecnológica, 23 e 24 de novembro de 2018. Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, IFRS, Bento Gonçalves, RS. [https://eventos.ifrs.edu.br/index.php/Salao_IFRS/SICT2018/paper/view/5395].
Saa RW, Fombang EM, Ndjantou EB, Njintang NY. Treatments and uses of Moringa oleifera seeds in human nutrition: a review. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7(6): 1911-1919. [https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1057] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593375/].
Nouhi S, Kwaambwa HM, Gutfreund P, Rennie AR. Comparative study of focculation and adsorption behaviour of water treatment proteins from Moringa peregrina and Moringa oleifera seeds. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 17945. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54069-2] [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-54069-2].
Da Silva JPV, Serra TM, Gossmann M, Wolf CR, Meneghetti MR, Meneghetti SMP. Moringa oleifera oil: studies of characterization and biodiesel production. Biom Bioen 2010; 34(10): 1527-1530. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.04.002] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0961953410001200].
Omonhinmin C, Olomukoro E, Ayoola A, Egwim E. Utilization of Moringa oleifera oil for biodiesel production: a systematic review. AIMS En. 2020; 8(1): 102-121. [https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2020.1.102] [https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/energy.2020.1.102].
Boumenjel A, Papadopoulos A, Ammari Y. Growth response of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) to water stress and to arid bioclimatic conditions. Agroforest Syst. 2020: 95: 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00509-2] [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-020-00509-2].
Cáceres A, Saraiva A, Rizzo S, Zabala L, De Leon E, Nave F. Pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. 2: Screening for antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 36(3): 233-237. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90049-W] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1434682/].
Brasil. 2017. Moringa para todos os gostos. Embrapa-Mapa. 25/01/17. [Acesso em: 28 abr. 21]. Disponível em: [https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-noticias/-/noticia/19823237/].
Bhattacharya A, Tiwari P, Sahu PK, Kumar S. A review of the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Moringa oleifera. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2018; 10(4): 181-191. [https://doi.org/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_126_18] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568375/].
Süntar I. Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochem Rev. 2020; 19(12): 1199-1209. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9] [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9].
Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites. 2019; 9(11): 258-270. [https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9110258] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31683833/].
Mikovski D, Basso J, Da Silva P, Ribas JLC. Química medicinal e a sua importância no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Rev Saúde Desenvol. 2018; 12(13): 29-43. [https://www.revistasuninter.com/revistasaude/index.php/saudeDesenvolvimento/article/view/997].
Lima Neto GA, Kaffashi S, Luiz WT, Ferreira WR, Silva YSAD, Pazin GV et al. Quantificação de metabólitos secundários e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de algumas plantas selecionadas do Cerrado de Mato Grosso. Rev Bras Pl Med. 2015; 17(4): 1069-1077. [https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/14_161] [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbpm/a/JbvmBhnDb5WVsgFDLSjXwhF/?format=pdf&lang=pt].
Souza TM, Severi JÁ, Silva VYA, Santos E, Pietro RCLR. Bioprospecção de atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana da casca de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Leguminosae-Mimosoidae). Rev Ciênc Farm Básica Apl. 2007; 28(2): 221-226. [https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/70142].
Gao Y, Hokkanen HMT, Menzler-Hokkanen I, editors. Integrative Biological Control [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1st. 2020; vol. 20. 447p. ISBN-13: 978-3030448400. [cited 2021 Jul 7]. Progress Biological in Control. Available from: [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-44838-7].
Lopes Junior H, Marcucci MC. Avaliação da atividade de captura de radicais livres na espécie vegetal Eucharis x grandiflora Planch. & Linden, Amaryllidaceae. Rev FAEMA. 2018; 9(2): 706-711. [https://doi.org/10.31072/rcf.v9i2.651] [http://www.faema.edu.br/revistas/index.php/Revista-FAEMA/article/view/651].
Bonfim FPG, Menezes GMT, Gomes JAO, Teixeira DA, Mendoza JDS, Parreiras NS. Alelopatia: el potencial de las plantas medicinales en el control de espécies espontaneas. Rev Centro Agric. 2018; 45(1): 78-87. ISSN 0253-5785. [http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0253-57852018000100010].
Li Y, Kong D, Fu Y, Sussman MR, Wu H. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2020; 148: 80-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942820300061].
Shih MC, Chang CM, Kang SM, Tsai ML. Effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera. Int J Mol Sci. 2011; 12(9): 6077-6088. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12096077] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22016645/].
Zhang M, Hettiarachchy NS, Horax R, Kannan A, Praisoody AMD, Muhundan A et al. Phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Centella asiatica, Moringa oleifera and Murraya koenigii leaves. J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5(30): 6672-6680. [https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.621] [https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=242ff8d0-a83b-4329-b927-455abc04f3e9].
Coppin JP, Xu Y, Chen H, Pan MH, Ho CT, Juliani R el al. Determination of flavonoids by LC/MS and anti-inflammatory activity in Moringa oleifera. J Func Foods. 2013; 5(4): 1892-1899. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.010].
Prabakarana M, Kim S-H, Sasireka A, Chandrasekaran M, Chung I-L. Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera. Food Biosc. 2018; 26: 23-29. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.09.003].
Lin M, Zhang J, Chen X. Bioactive flavonoids in Moringa oleifera and their health-promoting properties. J Func Food; 2018; 47: 469-479. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.011].
Djande CYH, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Differential extraction of phytochemicals from the multipurpose tree, Moringa oleifera, using green extraction solvents. South Afr J Bot. 2018; 115: 81-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.01.009] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629917314217].
Garima S, Pratibha P, Neelu S, Sharma MC. Moringa oleifera: a review on morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2017; 8(2): 163-183. [https://doi.org/10.25258/ijcprr.v8i02.9200] [https://www.myresearchjournals.com/index.php/ijcprr/article/view/9200].
Xu Y-B, Chen G-L, Guo M-Q. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8): 296-307. [https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31404978/].
Leone A, Fiorillo G, Criscuoli F, Ravasenghi S, Santagostini L, Fico G et al. Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi Refugee Camps, and Haiti. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(8): 18923-18937. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160818923] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26274956/].
Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(8): 2144-2155. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.028] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12670148/] .
Coz-Bolaños X, Campos-Vega R, Reynoso-Camacho R, Ramos-Gómez M, Loarca-Piña GF, Guzmán-Maldonado SH. Moringa infusion (Moringa oleifera) rich in phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity attenuate nitric oxide pro-inflammatory mediator in vitro. Ind Crops Prod. 2018; 118: 95-101. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.028]
Lin M, Zhang J, Chen X. Bioactive flavonoids in Moringa oleifera and their health-promoting properties. J Func Foods; 2018; 47: 469-479. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.011] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464618303074].
Rébufa C, Pany I, Bombarda I. NIR spectroscopy for the quality control of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powders: prediction of minerals, protein and moisture contents. Food Chem. 2018; 261: 311-321. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.066] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29739599/].
Rocchetti G, Pagnossa JP, Blasi F, Cossignani L, Piccoli RH, Zengin G et al. Phenolic profiling and in vitro bioactivity of Moringa oleifera leaves as affected by different extraction solvents. Food Res Int. 2020; 127: 108712. ISSN 0963-9969. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108712].
Anwar F, Rashid U. Physico-chemical characteristics of Moringa oleifera seeds and seed oil from a wild provenance of Pakistan. Pakistan J Bot. 2007; 39(5): 1443-1453. [http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/39(5)/PJB39(5)1443.pdf]
Vongsak B, Mangmool S, Gritsanapan W. Antioxidant activity and induction of mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes in HEK-293 cells of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Planta Med. 2015; 81(12-13): 1084-1089. [https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1546168] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26166137/].
Yadav Kc, Rai R, Katuwal N, Shiwakoti LD, Pant BR, Bajgai TR et al. Phytochemicals, nutritional, antioxidant activity, and sensory analyses of Moringa oleifera Lam. collected from mid-hill region of Nepal. Nat Prod Res. 2020: 36(1): 1-4. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1781113] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32552037/].
Oldoni TLC, Merlin N, Bicas TC, Prasniewski A, Carpes ST, Ascari J et al. Antihyperglycemic activity of crude extract and isolation of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves grown in Southern Brazil. Food Res Int. 2021; 141: 110082. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110082] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641964/].
Ahmed KS, Jahan IA, Jahan F, Hossain H. Antioxidant activities and simultaneous HPLC-DAD profiling of polyphenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves grown in Bangladesh. Food Res. 2021; 5 (1): 401 – 408. [https://www.myfoodresearch.com/uploads/8/4/8/5/84855864/_51__fr-2020-410_ahmed.pdf].
Khandelwal S, Khurana SMP. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial protein/peptide from leaves of Moringa oleifera (Miracle tree). Med Plants. 2019; 11(2): 155-60. [https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2019.00019.4] [https://www.myfoodresearch.com/uploads/8/4/8/5/84855864/_51__fr-2020-410_ahmed.pdf].
Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S. Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(6): 12791-12835. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612791] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490473/].
Al-Juhaimi F, Ghafoor K, Hawashin MD, Alsawmahi ON, Babiker EE. Effects of different levels of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed flour on quality attributes of beef burgers. CyTA – J Food; 2016; 14(1): 1-9. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2015.1034784] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19476337.2015.1034784].
Devisetti R, Sreerama YN, Bhattacharya S. Processing effects on bioactive components and functional properties of moringa leaves: development of a snack and quality evaluation. J Food Sci Technol. 2016; 53(1): 649–657. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1962-5] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26787984/].
Asensi GD, Villadiego AMD, Berruezo GR. Moringa oleifera: revisión sobre aplicaciones y usos en alimentos. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2017; 67(2): 86-97. [https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2017/2/art-3/].
Vanajakshi V, Vijayendra SVN, Varadaraj MC, Venkateswaran G, Agrawal R. Optimization of a probiotic beverage based on moringa leaves and beetroot. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2015; 63(2): 1268-1273. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.04.023] .
Saa RW, Fombang EN, Ndjantou EB, Njintang NY. Treatments and uses of Moringa oleifera seeds in human nutrition: a review. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7(6): 1911-1919. [https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1057].
Teixeira BEM, Carvalho MRB, Neves VA, Silva MA, Arantes-Pereira L. Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Food Chem. 2014; 147: 51-54. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.135] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206684/].
Singh AK, Rana HK, Tshabalala T, Kumar R, Gupta A, Ndhlala AR, Pandey AK. Phytochemical, nutraceutical and pharmacological attributes of a functional crop Moringa oleifera Lam: an overview. South Afr J Bot. 2020; 129: 209-220. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.017] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0254629919306027].
Fungtammasan S, Phupong V. The effect of Moringa oleifera capsule in increasing breastmilk volume in early postpartum patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Plos One. 2021; 16(4): e0248950: 1-7. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248950] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33822798/].
Yu L (Lucy), Parry JW, Zhou K. Oils from herbs, spices, and fruit seeds. In: Bailey’s Industrial oil and fat products [Internet]. Wiley; 2005 [cited 2021 Jul 7]. Available from: [https://doi.org/10.1002/047167849X.bio060].
Sousa FB, de Melo A. Benefícios da Moringa oleifera para a saúde humana e meio ambiente. Rev Faculd Saber. 2019; 04(7): 472- 484. ISSN 2448-3354. [https://rfs.emnuvens.com.br/rfs/article/view/61#:~:text=Apresenta%20quantidades%20representativas%20de%20c%C3%A1lcio,biodiesel%20apresentando%20grande%20valor%20econ%C3%B4mico ].
Sahay S, Yadav U, Srinivasamurthy S. Potential of Moringa oleifera as a functional food ingredient: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017; 2(5): 31-37. [http://www.foodsciencejournal.com/archives/2017/vol2/issue5/2-5-11].
Oni BA, Sanni SE, Ibegbu AJ, Aduojo AA. Experimental optimization of engine performance of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine operating on hydrogen-compressed natural gas and moringa biodiesel. Energy Rep. 2021; 7: 607–619. [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.019 ].
Niju S, Anushya C, Balajii M. Process optimization for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil using conch shells as heterogeneous catalyst. Environ Prog Sust En. 2019; 38(3): e13015. 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13015] [https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ep.13015].
Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Knothe G. Moringa oleifera oil: a possible source of biodiesel. Biores Technol. 2008; 99(17): 8175-8179. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.066] [ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18474424/].
Villaseñor-Basulto DL, Astudillo-Sánchez PD, Del Real-Olvera J, Bandala ER. Wastewater treatment using Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds: a review. J Water Proc Engineer; 2018; 23: 151–164. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.03.017] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214714418300990].
Paixão RM, Reck IM, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R, Vieira MF, Vieira AMS. Water decontamination containing nitrate using biosorption with Moringa oleifera in dynamic mode. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25(22): 21544–21554. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2289-3] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29781059/].
Nkhata D. Moringa as an alternative to aluminum sulfate. In: Scott, R. (ed). People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health: Proceedings of the 27th WEDC Conference. Zambia. 2001; p. 494-496. [https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Moringa_as_an_alternative_to_aluminium_sulphate/9591971].
Broin M, Santaella C, Cuine S, Kokou K, Peltier G, Joët T. Flocculent activity of a recombinant protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. Seeds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002; 60(1-2): 114-119. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1106-5] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12382051/].
Gandiwa BI, Moyo LB, Ncube S, Mamvura TA, Mguni LL, Hlabangana N. Optimisation of using a blend of plant based natural and synthetic coagulants for water treatment: (Moringa oleifera-Cactus opuntia-alum blend). South Afr J Chem Eng. 2020; 34: 158-164. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.07.005] .
Amaral LA, Rossi Júnior OD, Soares e Barros LS, Lorenzon CS, Nunes AP. Tratamento alternativo da água utilizando extrato de semente de Moringa oleifera e radiação solar. Arq Inst Biol. 2006; 73(3): 287-293. [https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v73p2872006].
Tunggolou J, Payus C. Moringa oleifera as coagulant used in water purification process for consumption. Earth Sci Pakistan. 2017; 1(2): 1-3. [https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2017.01.03].
Santos CA, Moura FBP, Lima LN. Potencialidades e uso da moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) In: Conservação dos recursos naturais. SABEH, 2016. ISBN: 978-85-92861-84-1
Silambarasan R, Ayyanarn M. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Palamalai region of Eastern Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 172: 162-178. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.046] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068426/].
Ma N, Tang Q, Wu W-T, Huang X-A, Xu Q, Rong G-L, Chen S, Song JP. Three constituents of Moringa oleifera seeds regulate expression of Th17-relevant cytokines and ameliorate TPA-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. Molecules; 2018; 23(12): 3256: 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123256] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30544700/].
Makita C, Chimuka L, Steenkamp P, Cukrowska E, Madala E. Comparative analyses of flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera and Moringa ovalifolia with the aid of UHPLC-qTOF-MS fingerprinting. South Afr J Bot. 2016; 105: 116-122. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.12.007].
Xu Y-B, Chen G-L, Guo M-Q. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8): 296-307. [https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31404978/].
Salama AAA, Fayed AHM, Attia TA, Seham AE, Ismaiel IE, Hassan A. Protective effects of Moringa oleifera extract on isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats: involvement of adiponectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Egypt J Vet Sci. 2018; 49(1): 25-34. [https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2018.2349.1025] [https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_5638.html] .
Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili JO. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1): 21-25. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00106-3] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10661880/].
Silva LLS, Silva SCC, De Oliveira APS, Nascimento JS, Silva EO, Coelho LCBB et al. Effects of a solid formulation containing lectin-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera seeds on egg hatching and development of Aedes aegypti larvae. Acta Trop. 2021; 214: 105789. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105789] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33309593/].
Tahiliani P, Kar A. Role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the regulation of thyroid hormone status in adult male and female rats. Pharmacol Res. 1999; 41(3): 319-323. [https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0587] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S104366189990587X ].
Faizi S, Siddiqui BS, Saleem R, Siddiqui S, Aftab K. Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosides from Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure. J Nat Prod. 2004; 57(9): 1256-1261. [https://doi.org/10.1021/np50111a011] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7798960/].
Ferreira RS, Napoleão TH, Santos AFS, Sá RA, Carneiro-Da-Cunha MG, Morais MMC et al. Coagulant and antibacterial activities of the water-soluble seed lectin from Moringa oleifera. Lett App Microbiol. 2011; 53(2): 186-192. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03089.x] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21605145/].
Onsare JG, Kaur H, Arora DS. Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera from different locations against some human pathogens. Acad J Med Plants; 2013; 1(5): 080-091. [http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajmp.2013.0105] [https://www.academiapublishing.org/journals/ajmp/abstract/2013/May/Onsare%20et%20al.htm].
Singh RSG, Negi PS, Radha C. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of free and bound phenolic extracts of Moringa oleifera seed flour. J Func Foods; 2013; 5(4): 1883-1891. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.009] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464613002089].
Brilhante RSN, Sales JÁ, Sampaio CMS, Barbosa FG, Neto Paiva MA, Guedes GMM et al. Vibrio spp. from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming are inhibited by Moringa oleifera extracts. Asian Pacific J Trop Med. 2015; 8(11): 919-922. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.10.012] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26614991/].
Atri N, Rai N, Singh AK, Verma M, Barik S, Gautam V, Singh SK. Screening for endophytic fungi with antibacterial efficiency from Moringa oleifera and Withania somnifera. J Sci Res. 2020; 64(1): 127-133. [https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2020.640118].
Krishnamurthy PT, Vardarajalu A, Wadhwani A, Patel, V. Identification and characterization of a potent anticancer fraction from the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera L. Indian J Exper Biol. 2015; 53(2): 98-103. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25757240/].
Jung IL. Soluble Extract from Moringa oleifera leaves with a new anticancer activity. Plos One; 2014; 9(4): e95492. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095492] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991666/].
Al-Asmari AK, Albalawi SM, Athar MT, Khan AQ, Al-Shahrani H, Islam M. Moringa oleifera as an anti-cancer agent against breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. PLoS One; 2015; 10(8): e0135814, 1-14. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135814] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26288313/].
Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Foidl N, Pratt JH, Dupont MS, Perkins L et al. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (Horseradish Tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 51(12): 3546-3553. [https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0211480] [ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12769522/].
Cáceres A, Saravia A, Rizzo S, Zabala L, De Leon E, Nave F. Pharmacologie properties of Moringa oleifera. 2: Screening for antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and diuretic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 36(3): 233-237. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90049-w] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1434682/].
Rubio-Elizalde I, Bernáldez-Sarabia J, Moreno-Ulloa A, Vilanova C, Juárez P, Licea-Navarro A et al. Scaffolds based on alginate-PEG methyl ether methacrylate-Moringa oleifera-Aloe vera for wound healing applications. Carbohydr Pol. 2019; 206: 455-467. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.027].
Gilani AH, Khalid A, Suria A. Pharmacological studies on hypotensive and spamolytic activies of pure compounds from Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res. 1994; 8(2): 87-91. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650080207].
Pereira ML. Aspectos estruturais, farmacológicos e toxicológicos de Mo-CBP4, uma proteína ligante a quitina de Moringa oleifera com atividade anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva via oral. 212 pp. Fortaleza. 2017. Doutorado [Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica] - Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFCE, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. 2017. [https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/14962].
Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ. Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res. 2015; 29 (6): 796-804. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5325] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25808883/].
Adedapo AA, Mogbojuri OM, Emikpe BO. Safety evaluations of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera in rats. J Med Plants; 2009; 3(8): 586-591. [https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380372167_Adedapo et al.pdf].
Asare GA, Gyan B, Bugyei K, Adjei S, Mahama R, Addo P et al. Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139(1): 265-272. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22101359/#:~:text=Moringa%20oleifera%20is%20genotoxic%20at,%E2%89%A4%201%2C000%20mg%2Fkg%20b].
Ambi AA, Abdurahman EM, Katsaya UA, Sule MI, Pateh UU, Ibrahim NDG. Toxicity evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves. Int J Pharm Res Innovat. 2011; 4: 22-24. [https://www.whitesscience.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2013/09/1370948338IJPRI-1101-70-PO.pdf].
Awodele O, Oreagbe IA, Odoma S, Da Silva JAT, Osunkalu VO. Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139(2): 300-306. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.008] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22138517/].
Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Azeez IO, Abiola JO, Adedokun RAM, Nottidge HO. Toxicological evaluations of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in liver and kidney of male Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharm. 2013; 24(4): 307-312. [https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0061] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23509212/].
Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Frimpong-Manso S, Awortwe C, Antwi DA, Nyarko AK. Micro
- and macroelemental composition and safety evaluation of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera leaves. J Toxicol. 2014; Article ID 786979: 1-13. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/786979] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25136361/] [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jt/2014/786979/].
Chhikara N, Kaur A, Mann S, Garg MK, Sofi SA, Panghal A. Bioactive compounds, associated health benefits and safety considerations of Moringa oleifera L. an updated review. Nutr Food Sci. 2021; 51(2): 255-277. [https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-03-2020-0087] [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/NFS-03-2020-0087/full/html].
Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ. Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res. 2015; 29(6): 796-804. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5325] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25808883/].
Dhakad AK, Ikram M, Sharma S, Khan S, Pandey VV, Singh A. Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam. Phytother Res. 2019; 33(11): 1-34. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6475] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453658/].